The Glaze Storms of 1998

rubbish forces, also referred to as glass pulls, sustain considerable injure every year to trees in urban and natural aras. They vary considerably in their abrasiveness and frequency. internal-combustion engine storms be settlement of the grump formation process, which is influenced by superior general weather patterns. Ice accumulates when super cooled f solely freezes on contact with surfaces, such(prenominal) as tree carve upes, that argon at or below the frost point (0C). This in general occurs when a winter warm campaign passes by dint of an subject argona afterwards the ground-level temperature reaches or move below freezing. Rain falls through beds of cooler air with unwrap freezing, bonnie super cooled. Periodically, a nonher(prenominal) climatic aftermaths, including stationary, occluded, and churl-cold fronts, also resolving power in rubbish storms.The purpose of this account is to gain a better ar be sickment of the1998 icing the puck storm . This paper features three master(prenominal) section An introduction, the main body ( ill-treat to quality), and lastly, a conclusion. In the main body of this paper, the effect of give the bounce and oath/ infirmity is discussed in detail. In the conclusion, equation is make amongst depose and fellers/ infirmity versus ice-skating rink storm. By the end of this paper, whizz should gain a better nether stalling of the scratchiness of the 1998 ice storm as tumesce as other alter agents that affect the woodland in easterly North the StatesIce storms are often winters worst hazard. More foxy than snow, freezing fall or glaze is tough and tenacious, clinging to every object it touches. A lower-ranking apprize be dangerous, a lot can be catastrophic. Ice storm in northeastern the States has been common unless the 1998 ice storm was exceptional.Ice storms are a study(ip)(ip) hazard in all sepa rank of Canada except the North, but are curiously common from Ontario t o refreshfulfoundland. The severity of ice storms forecasts largely on the accumulation of ice, the duration of the event, and the military position and extent of the area affected. Based on these criteria, Ice Storm98 was the worst ever to absent Canada in recent memory. From January 5-10, 1998 the total irrigate equivalent of precipitation, comprising mostly freezing fall and ice pellets and a bit of snow, exceeded 85 mm in capital of Canada, 73 mm in Kingston, 108 in Cornwall and 100 mm in Montreal (Environmental Canada, Jan 12/1998). Previous major ice storms in the region, notably declination 1986 in Ottawa and February 1961 in Montreal, fixed surrounded by 30 and 40 mm of ice ab pop out half the thickness from the 1998 storm event (Environmental Canada, Jan 12/1998).The extent of the area affected by the ice was enormous. halt precipitation is often described as a line of or uneven occurrences of. At the peak of the storm, the area of freezing precipitation extend ed from Muskoka and Kitchener in Ontario through eastern Ontario, western Quebec and the Eastern Townships to the Fundy coasts of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.What made the ice storm so unusual, though, was that it went on for so languish. On average, Ottawa and Montreal receive freezing precipitation on 12 to 17 days a year. Each episode generally lasts for and a few hours at a time, for an annual average total surrounded by 45 to 65 hours. During Ice Storm98, it did not rain continuously, however, the number of hours of freezing rain and drizzle was in excess of 80 again nearly double the conventionality annual total.One of the most openhearted features of Eastern Ontario is the extensive woodland cover. This is made up of woodlands of varying structure. These woodlands, as wholesome as natural fencerows, windbreaks, and plantations of pine and poplar, drop the landscape. Icing impacts whitethorn best be understood by treating spatially larger scales, starting with indiv idual trees, proceeding to stands, and finally to woods landscapes.Ice modify to trees can range from mere breakage of a few twigs, to bending stems to the ground, to moderate overstep acquittance, to outright breakage of the trunk. In the 1998 Northeastern ice storm, icing lasted long overflowing that many trees which were flex over had their pourboires pasted to the snow surface by the ice in many instances for as long as 3 weeks. Some of those trees rattling erect posture after outlet from the snow, while many others remain bent over after 2 years. The severity of damage is generally believed to be closely related to the severity of winds following the heaviest ice accumulations. Damage varies across a range of severity and subtlety minor starting time breakage major branch loss bending over of crowns melodic theme restitution breakage of trunks and in rough hardwoods, trunks can be split.Depending on the stand part, the amount of ice accumulation, and the stand hi story, damage to stands can range from argus-eyed and patchy to the total breakage of all mature stems. Complete flattening of stands occurred locally in the Northeaster 1998 storm. In response to to a greater extent moderate damage, effect on stands could involve shifts in over story composition in favor of the most immune trees loss of stand increment until finger area is restored and loss of prize of the growth due to staining or damage to stem form.The term landscape refers to a group or a family of trees. I use the term vaguely because the size of it and composition of landscapes differ from region to region. The stage of damage is typically highly skewed by area. For example, in the January 1998 Northeaster storm, 1,800,000 ha of damage in Quebec was assessed by the Ministry of inhering Resource very intense 4.2%, severe 32.0%, moderate 29.9%, and slight/trace 33.9% (The apprehension of the Total Environment, Volume 262, Issue 3, November 15, 2000, pp. 231-242 ). The effects on entire woodland landscapes are highly patchy and variable. They also depend significantly on how landowners respond to the damage. trouble caused by complaints, by themselves or in conjunction with disturbance by insects, abiotic factors such as drought, hassle and wind, and, change magnitudely, tender activities, has compete a critical role in the dynamics of many wood ecosystems in North America.In the predominantly coniferous sets in western North America there are considerable areas sedate this instant by human race activities. In these areas, diseases kill trees or predispose them to other agents of disturbance, resulting in gradual change in stand composition and structure. In areas fed up(p) by plant focus practices of reaping or exclusion of fire, increased disease incidence and severity has increased the damage caused by disease, and consequently, the rate of change.In the absence of introduced diseases in the predominantly deciduous timber s of the Appalachian region of eastern North America, timbers are relatively healthy. Here, forests are disturbed significantly by disease only after they are disturbed or distressed by other agents, predominantly defoliating insects and drought. In the eastern montane coniferous forest, continuing wind damage is a major predisposing factor to disease. Past harvesting practices, introduced diseases and insects, and fire exclusion submit in almost instances resulted in large areas of comparable species and relatively similar ages that exacerbate the magnitude and severity of disturbance by disease.Fire is predominantly a natural phenomenon that burns the forest vegetation, polluting the ozone and wiping out the biodiversity. One major tone between ice storm and forest fire is the way disaster are caused. The majority of forest fire could arguably be a result of human action and ice storm as an act of god, an act that is out of human control.Foresters usually distinguish three types of forest fires ground fires, which burn the humus layer of the forest floor but do not burn appreciably preceding(prenominal) the surface surface fires, which burn forest undergrowth and surface litter and crown fires, which advance through the tops of trees or shrubs. It is not uncommon for two or three types of fires to occur simultaneously. Forest oversight has been able to reduce the occurrence of this event but many forest fires are out of arms length. adult male cause the majority of forest fires. Campers that do not put out their alinement fire or campers littering lit hind end bud are responsible for such an action. Natural occurrence such as lightning could spark a forest fire but the probability is small compared to human action. The convention way of putting out or reducing the spread head of forest fire has been airliners. These airliners are filled with gallons and galloons of water. With special capacity, these airliners fly above the flame and deposit g alloons of water.For the purpose of this paper, deforestation simply nub the lost of trees where the lost of trees exceeds the level of sustainable development. One of the major effects of forest fire is the burning of carbon dioxide into our atmosphere. This last creates a nursery affect and spheric thaw. The effect damages our ecosystem as vigorous as reduces one of Canadas loved natural resource. Many projects, both from presidency funding and corporate sponsors, have do a good job increasing the awareness and risk related to deforestation. pestilences withdrawly affect the quantity and quality of forest nursery seedlings and can indirectly cause losses by disrupting reforestation plans or reducing survival of out deep-rooted stock. The movement of infested stock can sprinkle pests to new areas. Since control of nursery pests may be based on pesticide usage, pest outbreaks may lead to environmental contamination. forest damage caused by parentage is a well-documented, y et persistent, forest health problem. state compaction, root disturbance and trunk/root collar damage caused by livestock reduce the vigor of trees. This paves the way for genus Armillaria root rot, borers and other opportunistic organisms. blood line also destroy the forest under story (reproduction), which hastens soil erosion and limits the approaching productivity of the site. The resulting forest decline reduces the quality, value and longevity of current and future trees on the site. Eliminating livestock from woodlands is the first step toward a healthier, to a greater extent productive forest.As mentioned forward in this paper, ice storm is a natural phenomenon caused by nature whereas forest fire are a result of human actions and preventable. One of the major differences between fire and ice storm is the rate of damage. Forest fire has a direct impact on the woodlands by changing the diversity of the landscape. Forest fire wipes out an entire landscape of trees causing a release of carbon dioxide. This in home effect results in global warming as well as greenhouse effect. The release of carbon dioxide has a long-run effect to our ecosystem. Carbon dioxide is trapped in our ozone layer making airways less preamble. This pin down effect eventually radiates heat causing global warming. The long-term effect is fantastic and changes our biodiversity. Ice storm has very little affect to our ozone layer. Damage to woodlands as a result of ice storm is voiceless within that area. Ice storm does not spread like fire does so areas that have been hit by an ice storm affect woodlandsPests and disease easily eroded the quantity as well as quality of woodland. Infected woodland slows the development of growth by wearing away the soil limiting the production of trees. Pest control and good forest management could improve the quality and well as productivity in these areas. Pests and diseases cause a slow change in biodiversity. As the woodland become in fested, animals feeding from leafs and branch find it less desirable, eventually go away the area in search of more than suitable woodland. Similarly, forest fire, pests and disease spread but at a ofttimes slower rate. These agents befoul the trees, eventually sagacious the roots and moving on to the adjoining phalanx. As mentioned previous, ice storm does not spread, rather the effect stays within the area.To conclude, fire and pests/disease are similar in the way these agents spread and infect their host. The preceding sentence can be best thought of as a virus infected its host as an analogy. Fire spreads at a much faster rate than pests/disease and the impact are instant. Both of these agents have long-term effect, which does not work in our favor. Ice storm affects the area it hits and pass on not spread. Furthermore, ice storms are certain whereas fire is not since the cause of fire is human mistake and is hard to predict. Ice storms are not preventable but human act ions can be prevented. The capableness of damage from fire is far more severe than that of ice storm. We must increase the awareness to ensure that our woodland frame healthy and protect our ecosystem.